Pomen implementacije veriženja podatkovnih blokov pri izdajanju zemljiških e-certifikatov: primeri iz Gane in Nemčije
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17762/21.3.665-682(2023)Ključne besede:
veriženje podatkovnih blokov, e-certifikat, investicija, zemljiška mafijaPovzetek
Indonezija je sprejela predpise o izvajanju zemljiškega e-certifikata. Na žalost ta politika ni mogla zagotoviti prave zaščite ljudem, v tem primeru imetnikom zemljiških pravic in drugim deležnikom. Namen te študije je analizirati pomen implementacije veriženja podatkovnih blokov kot varnostnega sistema za zemljiški e-certifikat, ki ustvarja nadaljnje posledice, kot sta enostavnost poslovanja in investicijski indeks. Ta študija je pravna študija s primerjalnim pristopom. Za primerjavo so bili uporabljeni primeri Gane in Nemčije. Rezultati študije kažejo, da bi morala Indonezija vzpostaviti sistem veriženja blokov, kot v Nemčiji, ki ureja zagotavljanje poslovnih in naložbenih jamstev kot rezultat izvajanja politike. Politika o veriženju blokov mora oblikovati norme, ki zagotavljajo določanje pravnega statusa lastnikov zemljiške pravice in deležnikov.
Literatura
Adam, K. (2017) White Paper: Project Hurricane, How to implement Blockchain Technology in German Real Estate Market, Hochschule Für Technik Und Wirtschaft Berlin, available at: https://www.htw-berlin.de/forschung/online-forschungskatalog/publikationen/publikation/?eid=9661 (January 10, 2023).
Alimuddin, N. H. (2021) Implementasi Sertifikat Elektronik Sebagai Jaminan Kepastian Hukum Kepemilikan Hak Atas Tanah di Indonesia, SASI, 27(3), pp. 335–345, https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v27i3.509.
Alwajdi, M. F. (2021) Pengaturan Sertipikat Elektronik dalam Sistem Hukum Pertanahan dan Usaha Meningkatkan Indeks Kemudahan Berusaha pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19, Jurnal Pertanahan, 11(1), pp. 40–53, https://doi.org/10.53686/jp.v11i1.39.
Ameyaw, P. D. & de Vries, W. T. (2020) Transparency of Land Administration and the Role of Blockchain Technology, a Four-Dimensional Framework Analysis from the Ghanaian Land Perspective, Land, 9(12), p. 491, https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120491.
Ameyaw, P. & de Vries, W. (2021) Toward Smart Land Management: Land Acquisition and the Associated Challenges in Ghana. A Look into a Blockchain Digital Land Registry for Prospects, Land, 10(3), p. 239, https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030239.
Apeldoorn, L. J. van. (1985) Inleiding tot de studie van het Nederlandse Recht (Zwolle: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink).
Barbieri, M. & Gassen, D. (2017) Blockchain – can this new technology really revolutionize the land registry system?, 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Property, pp. 1–3, available at: https://www.notariesofeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Land-and-Poverty-Conference_Blockchain-Presentation.pdf (December 28, 2022).
Bashar, H. S., Purnamasari, H. & Priyanti, E. (2022) Analisis Penerapan Blockchain di Indonesia menuju Revolusi Pelayanan Publik dan Kearsipan, NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 9(8), pp. 3023–3029, https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v9i8.2022.3023-3029.
Baum, A. (2017) PropTech 3.0: The Future of Real Estate (Oxford: Said Business School, University of Oxford), available at: https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/201807/PropTech3.0.pdf (December 28, 2022).
Benbunan-Fich, R. & Castellanos, A. (2018) Digitalization of Land Records: From Paper to Blockchain, Thirty Ninth International Conference on Information Systems, pp. 1–9, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329222337_Digitalization_of_Land_Records_From_Paper_to_Blockchain (December 27, 2022).
Cappiello, B. & Carullo, G. (2019) Blockchain, Law and Governance, In: Crowe, J. & Lee, C. Y. (eds.) Research Handbook on Natural Law Theory (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing), p. 348, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788110044.
Carson, B., Romanelli, G., Walsh, P. & Zhumaev, A. (2018) Blockchain beyond the hype: What is the strategic business value?, Digital McKinsey, available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/blockchain-beyond-the-hype-what-is-the-strategic-business-value (December 27, 2022).
Christine, H., Novelianto, K. T., Restiawati, M., Jayanti, H. Y. & Afriyadi, A. (2022) A Study of Permissioned Blockchain-Based Framework for Land Ownership Tracking in Indonesia, Jurnal Interkom: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi, 17(3), pp. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.35969/interkom.v17i3.258.
Dewi, R. (2017) Studi Kasus Penolakan Publik Atas Kebijakan Publik, Publikauma : Jurnal Administrasi Publik Universitas Medan Area, 5(1), pp. 6-12, https://doi.org/10.31289/publika.v5i1.1165.
Eder, G. (2019) Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles, 2019 OECD Global Anti-corruption & Integrity Forum, pp. 1-10, available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Digital-Transformation-%3A-Blockchain-and-Land-Titles-Eder-Eder/db0ec8f0bcbcff014eb39b206f8e9a32bbb06a40 (January 10, 2023).
Ehwi, R. J. & Asante, L. A. (2016) Ex-Post Analysis of Land Title Registration in Ghana Since 2008 Merger, SAGE Open, 6(2), pp. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016643351.
Ekemode, B. G., Olapade, D. T., Siyanbola, E. R. & Aluko, B. T. (2019) Resolving the Land Title Registration Debacle: The Blockchain Technology Option, The Proceedings of Environmental Design and Management International Conference, pp. 739–747, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337425339_Resolving_the_Land_Title_Registration_Debacle_The_Blockchain_Technology_Option (December 27, 2022).
Fadhillah, Y., Samosir, K., Angriawan, R., Jamaludin, J., Ardiana, D. P. Y., Parewe, A. M. A. K., Yuswardi, Y., Simarmata, J., Pakpahan, A. F. & Multazam, M. T. (2022) Teknologi Blockchain dan Implementasinya (Medan: Yayasan Kita Menulis), pp. 11-12.
Garcia-Teruel, R. M. (2020) Legal challenges and opportunities of blockchain technology in the real estate sector, Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, 12(2), pp. 129–145, https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-07-2019-0039.
Ghana News Agency (2018) Land Administration Project fails to address key land bottlenecks (Accra: Ghana News Agency).
Glatz, R. A. F., Kondratenko, V., Simmchen, C., Escallon, J. C., Eichler, N., Arnold, R., Graber, P. & Jentzsch, C. (2017) Blockchain - Opportunities and challenges of a new digital Infrastructure for Germany: Chapter 16: Pilot Projects, In: German Blockchain Association (Berlin: Bundesverband Blockchain), pp. 38-39, available at: https://jolocom.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Blockchain-Opportunities-and-challenges-of-a-new-digital-infrastructure-for-Germany-_-Blockchain-Bundesverband-2018.pdf (January 10, 2023).
Gyamera, E. A., Duncan, E. E., Kuma, J. S. Y. & Arko-Adjei, A. (2018) Land Acquisition in Ghana; Dealing with the Challenges and the Way Forward, Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 6(1), pp. 664–672, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322404530.
Humam, F., Triawan, M. A. & Husnawati (2022) Penerapan Blockchain pada Transaksi Jual Beli dan Kepemilikan Tanah di Indonesia, JUPITER (Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Dan Teknik Komputer), 14(2–c), pp. 483-488.
Idrees, S. M., Nowostawski, M., Jameel, R. & Mourya, A. K. (2021) Security Aspects of Blockchain Technology Intended for Industrial Applications, Electronics, 10(8), p. 951, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080951.
Irawan, Y. & Junarto, R. (2022) Persepsi dan Minat Masyarakat Pesisir Terhadap Sertipikat Tanah, Widya Bhumi, 2(2), pp. 104-122, https://doi.org/10.31292/wb.v2i2.44.
Karjoko, L., Rosidah, Z. N. & Rahmi Handayani, I. G. A. K. (2020) Refleksi Paradigma Ilmu Pengetahuan Bagi Pembangunan Hukum Pengadaan Tanah, BESTUUR, 7(1), pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v7i1.42694.
Konashevych, O. (2020) General Concept of Real Estate Tokenization on Blockchain, European Property Law Journal, 9(1), pp. 21–66, https://doi.org/10.1515/eplj-2020-0003.
Kusuma, M. A., Sukarno, P. & Wardana, A. A. (2022) Security System for Digital Land Certificate Based on Blockchain and QR Code Validation in Indonesia, EasyChair Preprint, no. 8988, available at: https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/GRgs (January 21, 2023).
Kuusaana, E. D. & Eledi, J. A. (2015) Customary land allocation, urbanization and land use planning in Ghana: Implications for food systems in the Wa Municipality, Land Use Policy, 48, pp. 454–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.06.030.
Lase, S. M. N., Adinda, A. & Yuliantika, R. D. (2021) Kerangka Hukum Teknologi Blockchain berdasarkan Hukum Siber di Indonesia, Padjadjaran Law Review, 9(1), pp. 1-20, available at: http://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/plr/issue/view/47 (January 10, 2023).
Mabe, F. N., Nashiru, S., Mummuni, E. & Boateng, V. F. (2019) The nexus between land acquisition and household livelihoods in the Northern region of Ghana, Land Use Policy, 85, pp. 357-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.043.
Marzuki, P. M. (2019) Penelitian Hukum (Revised Edition) (Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group (Divisi Kencana)).
Mbogo, A. (2019) Ghana’s SEC Mulls Over Cryptocurrency Regulation Framework, Bitcoin Afrika, available at: https://bitcoinafrica.io/2019/02/06/ghana-cryptocurrency-regulation-sec/ (January 10, 2023).
Mendi, A. F., Sakakli, K. K. & Cabuk, A. (2020) A Blockchain Based Land Registration System Proposal for Turkey, 2020 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9255078.
Mireku, K. O., Kuusaana, E. D. & Kidido, J. K. (2016) Legal implications of allocation papers in land transactions in Ghana—A case study of the Kumasi traditional area, Land Use Policy, 50, pp. 148–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.015.
Müeller, H. & Seifert, M. (2019) Blockchain, a Feasible Technology for Land Administration?, FIG Working Week: Geospatial Information for a Smarter Life and Environmental Resilience, pp. 1–9, available at: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2019/papers/ts01i/TS01I_seifert_mueller_10110.pdf (January 10, 2023).
Mujiburohman, D. A. (2021) Transformasi dari Kertas ke Elektronik: Telaah Yuridis dan Teknis Sertipikat Tanah Elektronik, BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria Dan Pertanahan, 7(1), pp. 57–67, available at: https://www.jurnalbhumi.stpn.ac.id/index.php/JB/article/view/472 (December 27, 2022).
Nandi, M., Bhattacharjee, R. K., Jha, A. & Barbhuiya, F. A. (2020) A secured land registration framework on Blockchain, 2020 Third ISEA Conference on Security and Privacy (ISEA-ISAP), pp. 130–138, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEA-ISAP49340.2020.235011.
Negara, C. U. K. K., Pratiwi, N. W. W. & Maylinda, P. D. (2021) Urgensi Sistem Pengamanan pada Sertifikat Tanah Digital, Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 2(9), pp. 832-855, https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v2i9.91.
Noor, M. U. (2020) Implementasi Blockchain di Dunia Kearsipan: Peluang, Tantangan, Solusi atau Masalah Baru?, Khizanah Al-Hikmah : Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan, Informasi, Dan Kearsipan, 8(1), p. 81, https://doi.org/10.24252/kah.v8i1a9.
Novita, I. (2022) Kebijakan Hukum Kementerian ATR/BPN Terhadap Pencegahan Mafia Tanah dalam Basis Penerapan Sistem Pendaftaran Tanah (Universitas Islam Sultan Agung), available at: http://repository.unissula.ac.id/26579/ (January 21, 2023).
Nugraha, J. P., Kurniawan, A. P., Putri, I. D., Wicaksono, R. K. & Tarisa, T. (2022) Penerapan Blockchain untuk Pencegahan Sertipikat Tanah Ganda di Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional, Widya Bhumi, 2(2), pp. 123–135, https://doi.org/10.31292/wb.v2i2.43.
Nugroho, I. I., Pratiwi, R., & Az Zahro, S. R. (2021). Optimalisasi Penanggulangan Kebocoran Data Melalui Regulatory Blockchain Guna Mewujudkan Keamanan Siber di Indonesia, Ikatan Penulis Mahasiswa Hukum Indonesia Law Journal, 1(2), pp. 115–129, https://doi.org/10.15294/ipmhi.v1i2.53698.
Oberdorf, V. (2017) Building Blocks for land administration: The potential impact of Blockchain-based land administration platforms in Ghana (Utrecht University), https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35913.85606.
Paton, G. W. (1972) A Textbook of Jurisprudence (London: The Clarendon Press).
Proskurovska, A. & Dörry, S. (2018) Is a Blockchain-Based Conveyance System the Next Step in the Financialisation of Housing? The Case of Sweden, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) Working Paper Series 2018-17, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3267138.
Pujianti, S. (2021) Sertifikat Adalah Bukti Kepemilikan Sah Atas Tanah (Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia), available at: https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=17387&menu=2 (December 24, 2022).
Quaye, B. A. (2014) Formal and Informal Land Institutions, Land Information Deficiencies, and the Development of Urban Land Markets in Ghana (University of Otago), available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4903 (January 3, 2023).
Racetin, I., Kilić Pamuković, J., Zrinjski, M. & Peko, M. (2022) Blockchain-Based Land Management for Sustainable Development, Sustainability, 14(17), pp. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710649.
Radziwill, N. (2018) Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World, Quality Management Journal, 25(1), pp. 64-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2018.1404373.
Rahmadi, A. N., Aisyah, R. & Kurdiningtyas, A. (2022) Efektivitas Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL) dalam Pencegahan Mafia Tanah di Kota Probolinggo, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Malikussaleh (JSPM), 3(1), pp. 42-56, https://doi.org/10.29103/jspm.v3i1.6034.
Ramadhan, A. W., Putri, G. S. & Putri, D. H. (2021) Hak Atas Tanah sebagai Sarana dalam Penanaman Modal, Jurnal Yuridis, 8(1), pp. 149-165, https://doi.org/10.35586/jyur.v8i1.1618.
Ratih, N. R. (2021) Analisis Yuridis Sertifikat Tanah Hak Milik Elektronik (E-Certificate) Demi Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum (Universitas Islam Malang), available at: http://repository.unisma.ac.id/handle/123456789/2982 (December 24, 2022).
Refialy, L., Sediyono, E. & Setiawan, A. (2015) Pengamanan Sertifikat Tanah Digital menggunakan Digital Signature SHA-512 dan RSA, Jurnal Teknik Informatika Dan Sistem Informasi, 1(3), pp. 229–234, https://doi.org/10.28932/jutisi.v1i3.400.
Rodima-Taylor, D. (2021) Digitalizing land administration: The geographies and temporalities of infrastructural promise, Geoforum, 122, pp. 140–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.04.003.
Rosmidah, R., Siregar, E. & Yusra Pebrianto, D. (2021) Sosialisasi E-Sertifikat Tanah Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum Di Indonesia, Jurnal Karya Abdi Masyarakat, 5(3), pp. 62-69, https://doi.org/10.22437/jkam.v5i3.16999.
Sahai, A. & Pandey, R. (2020) Smart Contract Definition for Land Registry in Blockchain, 2020 IEEE 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), pp. 230-235, https://doi.org/10.1109/CSNT48778.2020.9115752.
Sapardiyono, S. & Pinuji, S. (2022) Konsistensi Perlindungan Hukum Kepemilikan dan Hak Atas Tanah melalui Sertipikat Tanah Elektronik, Widya Bhumi, 2(1), pp. 54–64, https://doi.org/10.31292/wb.v2i1.19.
Shang, Q. & Price, A. (2019) A Blockchain-Based Land Titling Project in the Republic of Georgia: Rebuilding Public Trust and Lessons for Future Pilot Projects, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 12(3-4), pp. 72-78, https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00276.
Sheetal & Rathinam, G. S. (2021) Analysis of Various Applications of Blockchain Technology: A Survey, In: Jat, D. S., Shukla, S., Unal, A. & Mishra, D. K. (eds.) Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 132: Data Science and Security (Singapore: Springer), pp. 305-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5309-7_33.
Silviana, A. (2021) Urgensi Sertipikat Tanah Elektronik Dalam Sistem Hukum Pendaftaran Tanah di Indonesia, Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 4(1), pp. 51–68, https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v4i1.51-%2068.
Sukmariningsih, R. M., Nurudin, A. & Nursanty, E. (2022) Pengenaan Hukum Pajak Pada Cryptocurrency Dan NFT Di Indonesia, Owner: Riset Dan Jurnal Akuntansi, 6(2), pp. 1644–1654, https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i2.781.
Sulistyowati, E. D., Suraji, S. & Subekti, R. (2022) Pengaturan dan Kepastian Hukum Penerbitan Sertifikat Elektronik dalam Sistem Pendaftaran Tanah di Indonesia, Proceeding of Conference on Law and Social Studies, available at: http://prosiding.unipma.ac.id/index.php/COLaS/article/view/3080 (January 21, 2023).
Sutiknjo, I. (2004) Politik agraria Nasional (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press).
Suwahyuwono, S. (2018) Kepemilikan Hak Atas Tanah melalui Hibah Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang UUPA, Lex Privatum, 6(3), pp. 68–75, available at: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/20422 (December 24, 2023).
Thamrin, R. M., Harahap, E. P., Khoirunisa, A., Faturahman, A. & Zelina, K. (2021) Blockchain-based Land Certificate Management in Indonesia, ADI Journal on Recent Innovation (AJRI), 2(2), pp. 232-252, https://doi.org/10.34306/ajri.v2i2.339.
Themistocleous, M. (2018) Blockchain Technology and Land Registry, The Cyprus Review, 30(2), pp. 195-202.
Tjukup, I. K., Siki Layang, I. W. B., Martana, N. A., Markeling, I. K., Dananjaya, N. S., Arsha Putra, I. P. R., Purnawan, K. W., Sari, M. D. S. M., Pundari, K. N. & Tribuana, P. A. R. (2016) Akta Notaris (Akta Otentik) Sebagai Alat Bukti dalam Peristiwa Hukum Perdata, Acta Comitas : Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Magister Kenotariatan, 1(2), pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.24843/AC.2016.v01.i02.p05.
Usmar (2021) E-Sertifikat Tanah, Antara Solusi dan Sosialisasi (Jakarta: Serang Timur), available at: https://www.serangtimur.co.id/2021/02/e-sertifikat-tanah-antara-solusi-dan.html (December 27, 2022).
Utomo, T. P. (2022) Implementasi Teknologi Blockchain di Perpustakaan: Peluang, Tantangan dan Hambatan, Buletin Perpustakaan Universitas Islam Indonesia, 4(2), pp. 173-200, available at: https://journal.uii.ac.id/Buletin-Perpustakaan/article/view/22232 (December 27, 2022).
Wirawan, V. (2022) Alternatif Upaya Pencegahan Kejahatan Mafia Tanah dalam Perspektif Hukum Administrasi Pertanahan, Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 7(1), pp. 47–58, https://doi.org/10.24269/ls.v7i1.6195.
World Bank (2020) Doing Business 2020: Economy Profile Indonesia (Washington DC: World Bank), https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2.
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S. & Smolander, K. (2016) Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology? - A Systematic Review, PLOS ONE, 11(10), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477.
