Upravljanje in vodenje družb v občinski lasti – pravna perspektiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/19.3.705-728(2021)Ključne besede:
MOC, družba v občinski lasti, družba z omejeno odgovornostjo, politika lastništva, korporativno upravljanjePovzetek
Lokalne oblasti pogosto uporabljajo korporacije za proizvodnjo javnih storitev. Na Finskem se lahko družbe z omejeno odgovornostjo uporabijo kot sredstvo za opravljanje funkcij, ki jih mora občina opravljati po zakonu, ali tistih funkcij, ki so za občino neobvezne. Ta prispevek pojasnjuje trenutno stanje, regulativno ozadje in razloge za korporatizacijo v finskih občinah. Nato predstavljamo pravno analizo pravnih strategij, določenih v zakonodaji, ki jih občina lahko uporabi za upravljanje in usmerjanje svojih zunanjih pravnih oseb. Razumevanje pravnih meja in možnosti je nujno za razširitev lokalnega samoupravljanja na družbe v občinski lasti in za uskladitev njihovih ciljev s cilji občine.
Literatura
Adams, R. B. & Ferreira D. (2009) Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance, Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), pp. 291-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007.
Kraakman, R., Armour, J., Davies, P., Enriques, L., Hansmann, H., Hertig, G., Hopt, K., Kanda, H., Pagendler, M., Ringe, W.-G. % Rock, E. (2017) The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach, 3rd edition (Croydon: Oxford University Press).
Association of Finnish Municipalities, Kuntaliitto (2019) Kaupunkien ja kuntien lukumäärät ja väestötiedot, available at: https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/kaupunkien-ja-kuntien-lukumaarat-ja-vaestotiedot (June 22, 2020).
Bainbridge S. M. (2018) The Board of Directors, In: Gordon J. N. & Ringe W-G. (2018) The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 275-333, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.001.0001.
Bates T. W., Becher D. & Wilson J. I. (2017) Performance-Based Turnover on Corporate Boards, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2654375 (June 22, 2020).
Bebchuk A. & Roe, M. (1999) A Theory of Path Dependence in Corporate Ownership and Governance, Stanford Law Review 52(1), pp. 127-170, https://doi.org/10.2307/1229459.
Bel, G., Fageda, X. & Mur, M. (2013) Why Do Municipalities Cooperate to Provide Local Public Services? An Empirical Analysis, Local Government Studies 39(3), pp. 434-453, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2013.781024.
Bergh, A., Erlingsson, G., Gustafsson, A. & Wittberg, E. (2018) Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption? How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountability, Public Integrity, 21(3), pp. 320-352, https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1522182.
Bruce, M. (2016) Rights and Duties of Directors 2016 (Croydon: Bloomsbury).
Černá S. (2018) Relationship of Shareholders'Agreements to the Management of a Company, In: Mock, S., Csach, K. & Havel, B. (eds.) International Handbook on Shareholders’ Agreements Regulation – Practice and Comparative Analysis (Berlin: De Gruyter), pp. 47-60, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110517026.
Charman, M. (2007) Contract Law (Devon: Willan Publishing).
Christensen T. & Lægreid P. (2003) Coping with complex leadership roles: The problematic redefinition of government-owned enterprises, Public Administration, 81(4), pp. 803-831, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2003.00372.x.
Constitution of Finland (731/1999)
Corvellec H. & Bramryd, T. (2012) The multiple market-exposure of waste management companies: A case study of two Swedish municipally owned companies, Waste Management, 32(9), pp. 1722-1727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.005.
Davies P. L. & Worthington S. (2016) Principles of Modern Company Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell).
European Parliament OJ C 138 E, 07/05/2011 30.4.2010 available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2010-2217&language=EN (20 June 2020)
Ferrarini G. & Ungureanu M.C. (2018) Executive Remuneration, In: Gordon J. N. & Ringe W-G. (2018) The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 334-362, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.001.0001.
Finnish Competition Act (948/2011).
Finnish Corporate Governance Code 2020, Securities Market Association, available at: https://cgfinland.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2019/11/corporate-governance-code-2020.pdf (22 June 2020).
Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act (624/2006, »FCA«).
Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act Proposal (109/2005).
Finnish Local Government Act (410/2015).
Finnish Local Government Act Proposal (268/2014).
Finnish Patent and Registrations Office (2020) Number of businesses in the Trade Register, available at: https://www.prh.fi/en/kaupparekisteri/tilastot/lkm.html (31 January 2021)
Finnish Supreme Administrative Court ECLI:FI:KHO:2017:2.
Finnish Supreme Court ECLI:FI:KKO:2020:34.
French, D., Mayson, S. & Ryan, C. (2016) Mayson, French & Ryan on Company Law (New York: Oxford University Press).
Grešová, L. & Fuka, J. (2018) Perception of Intermunicipal Cooperation via Managerial Approach: Centralized Decisions or Voluntary Principle – What is More Efficient?, Lex Localis, 16(3), pp. 431-452, https://doi/ 10.4335/16.3.431-452(2018).
Grossi, G. & Reichard, C. (2008) Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy, Public Management Review, 10(5), pp. 597-617, https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030802264275
Hakari, K. (2013) Uusi julkinen hallinta – kuntien hallinnonuudistusten kolmas aalto? (Tampere: Tampere University Press).
Hannigan, B. (2016) Company Law (New York: Oxford University Press)
Harris, M. & Raviv, A. (2008) A theory of board control and size, Review of Financial Studies, 21(4), pp. 1797-1832, https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhl030.
Haveri, A. (2015) Nordic local government: a success story, but will it last?, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(2), pp. 136-149, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09-2014-0118.
Hendry, K. & Kiel, G.C. (2004) The role of the board in firm strategy: Integrating agency and organisational control perspectives (Conference Paper), Corporate Governance: An International Review 12(4), pp. 500-520, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2004.00390.x.
Jansen, N. (2011) Contract Formation and Mistake in European Contract Law: A Genetic Comparison of Transnational Model Rules, Oxford journal of legal studies 31(4), pp. 625-662, https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqr011.
Jensen M.C. (2010) Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 22(1), pp. 32-42, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2010.00259.x.
Jungmann, C.M. (2007) The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance in One-Tier and Two-Tier Board Systems - Evidence from the UK and Germany, European Company and Financial Law Review 3(4), https://doi.org/10.1515/ECFR.2006.019.
Jäntti A., Vakkala, H. & Sinervo, L-M (2019) Challenges of the Implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in Finnish Legislation, Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 17(1), pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.4335/17.1.23-33(2019).
Kershaw, D. (2009) Company Law in Context (New York: Oxford University Press).
Keya, A. (2016) Directors' Duties. (Bristol: LexisNexis).
Kujala, J., Nystén-Haarala, S. & Nuottila J. (2015) Flexible contracting in project business. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 8(1), pp. 92-106, https://doi.org/ 10.1108/IJMPB-10-2013-0062.
Kurkela, K., Virtanen, P., Tuurnas, S. & Stenvall, J. (2019) The Actors Involved in Innovation Processes and Collaboration – A Case Study of Eight Finnish Municipalities, Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 17(2), pp. 247-266, https://doi.org/10.4335/17.2.247-266(2019).
Krüger Andersen, P. (2018) The European Model Company Act (EMCA) — a tool for European integration. ERA Forum scripta iuris europaei 19(1), pp. 77-85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0521-8.
Licht A. N. (2018) Culture and Law in Corporate Governance. In: Gordon J. N. & Ringe W-G. (2018) The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 129-158, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.001.0001.
Linck, J.S, Netter, J.M. & Yang, T. (2008) The determinants of board structure, Journal of Financial Economics 87(2), pp. 308-328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.03.004.
Mock, S., Csach, K. & Havel, B. (2018) Shareholders' Agreements between Corporate and Contract Law, In: Mock, S., Csach, K. & Havel, B. (eds.) International Handbook on Shareholders' Agreements: Regulation – Practice and Comparative Analysis, pp. 3-46. (Berlin: De Gruyter) https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110517026.
Mähönen, J. (2013) Finland. In: A. Fleckner & K. Hopt (Eds.), Comparative Corporate Governance: A Functional and International Analysis (International Corporate Law and Financial Market Regulation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 393-443, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177375.014.
Mähönen, J. & Villa S. (2015) Osakeyhtiö. 1 – yleiset opit (Helsinki: Talentum).
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF) (2021) Structural business and financial statement statistics, (Helsinki: Statistics Finland), available at: http://www.stat.fi/til/yrti/index_en.html (February 16, 2021).
Papenfuß, U., van Genugten, M., de Kruijf, J. & van Thiel, S. (2018) Implementation of EU initiatives on gender diversity and executive directors' pay in municipally-owned enterprises in Germany and The Netherlands, Public Money & Management 38(2), pp. 87-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2018.1407133.
Penttilä, S., Ruohonen, J., Uoti A. & Vahtera, V. (2015) Kuntayhtiöt lainsäädännön ristiaallokossa (Helsinki: Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiö), available at: https://kaks.fi/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Kuntayhtiöt-lainsäädännön-ristiaallokossa.pdf (September 1, 2020).
Perovič, B.T. & Tomažič L.M. (2021) Legal Liability of Municipal Corporations: A Rational Choice Approach to Optimising Deterrence, Lex Localis – Journal od Local Self-Government, 19(2), https://doi.org/10.4335/19.2.415-437(2021).
Pönkä, V. (2017) The Convergence of Law: The Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act as an Example of the So-Called 'Americanization' of European Company Law, European Company Law 14(1), pp. 22-28.
Pönkä, V. (2019) Are cooperative societies transforming into cooperative companies? Reflections on the Finnish cooperatives act, European Business Law Review 30(1), pp. 77-99.
Ruohonen, J. (2019) Company Directors' Key Duties and Business Judgment Rule. In: Kangas, A., Kujala, J., Heikkinen, A., Lönquist, A., Laihonen, H. & Bethwaite, J. (eds) Leading Change in a Complex World: Transdisciplinary Perspectives (Tampere: Tampere University Press), pp. 245-258, available at: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0845-2 (September 19, 2020).
Ruohonen, J., Vahtera, V. & Penttilä, S. (2021) Kuntayhtiö (Helsinki: Alma Talent)
Ruohonen, J., Vahtera, V. & Salminen, L (2019a) Hallituksen asiantuntemusvaatimuksen sääntely ja toteuttaminen kuntayhtiöissä, Lakimies, 6, pp. 727-757.
Ruohonen, J., Vahtera, V. & Salminen, L (2019b) Kuntayhtiöiden hallitusten koostumus monimuotoisuuden kannalta, Focus Localis, 47(1), pp. 44-63.
Savela, A. (1999) Hostile takeovers and directors (Turku: Gummerus).
Swedish Local Government Act (2017:725).
Toiviainen, H. (2008) An Introduction to Finnish Business Law – A comprehensive survey of the foundations and main rules of Finnish corporate law (Helsinki: Edita), available at: http://www.edilex.fi/lakikirjasto/6994.pdf (3 August 3 2020).
Toiviainen, H. (1998) Ownership and Control in Companies Limited by Shares in Finland (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyer's Publishing).
Torstein, H. (2019) Debate: Corporatization in local government – the need for a comparative and multi-disciplinary research approach, Public Money and Management, 39(1), pp. 5-8, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1537702.
UK Corporate Governance Code 2018, Financial Reporting Council, available at: https://www.frc.org.uk/getattachment/88bd8c45-50ea-4841-95b0-d2f4f48069a2/2018-UK-Corporate-Governance-Code-FINAL.pdf (January 31, 2021).
Voorn, B. (2019) Municipally owned corporations: An introduction, In: Voorn, B. (ed.) When Politics Meets Professionalism: Features and Performance Predictors of Municipally Owned Corporations (Nijmegen: Institute for Management Research), pp. 10-45.
Voorn B., Borst R. T. & Blom R. (2020) Business techniques as an explanation of the autonomy-performance link in corporatized entities: evidence from Dutch Municipally owned corporations, International Public Management Journal, (Article in press), https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2020.1802632.
Voorn, B., van Genugten, M. & van Thiel, S. (2017) The efficiency of municipally owned corporations: a systematic overview, Local Government Studies, 43(5), pp. 820-841, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360.
Voorn, B., van Genugten, M. & van Thiel, S. (2018) Background, Autonomy, Steering, and Corporate Governance: Determinants of the Effectiveness of (Governance of) Municipal Corporations, Conference paper, Conference: EGPA 2018.
Voorn, B., van Genugten, M. & van Thiel, S. (2019) Multiple principal, multiple problems: Implications for effective governance and research agenda for joint service delivery, Public Administration, 97(3), pp. 671-685, https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12587.


