SELF-DEFENCE AS A CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52152/ew1k4b20Keywords:
Self-defence; International Responsibility; State Responsibility; Use of Force; Armed Attack; Necessity and Proportionality; United Nations Charter; International Law CommissionAbstract
This study examines self-defence as a circumstance precluding international responsibility under public international law. It aims to clarify the concept of self-defence, trace its historical development, and analyse the legal conditions governing its exercise and its implications for the international responsibility of States. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, focusing primarily on the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, particularly Articles 2(4) and 51, as well as Article 21 of the International Law Commission’s 2001 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. It also considers the contribution of international jurisprudence and legal scholarship to defining the scope and limits of this right. The study addresses the principal conditions associated with an armed attack and the requirements governing defensive action, including necessity, proportionality, the relationship between the response and the source of the attack, and the temporary nature of self-defence pending Security Council intervention. It highlights the distinction between the lawful exercise of self-defence and the unlawful use of force under the pretext of defending a State. The study concludes that self-defence may preclude the wrongfulness of a State’s conduct and consequently its international responsibility only when the applicable legal conditions are satisfied. It also emphasises the importance of precise legal interpretation, effective international oversight, and respect for the principles of necessity, proportionality, and good faith to prevent the abuse of self-defence and safeguard international peace and security.
References
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Andersen, R. M. 1995. “Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36 (1): 1–10.
Andersen, R M, A McCutcheon, L A Aday, G Y Chiu, and R Bell. 1983. “Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care.” Health Services Research 18 (1): 49–74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1068709/.
Andersen, Ronald, and John F Newman. 2005. “Societal and Individual Determinants of Medical Care Utilization in the United States.” The Milbank Quarterly 83 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00428.x.
Anderson, Robert, ed. 2012. Quality of Life in Europe: Impacts of the Crisis. 3rd European Quality of Life Survey, Eurofound Quality of Life Survey[...]. Luxembourg: Publications Off. of the Europ. Union.
Armi, Franca, Edith Guilley, and Christian J. Lalive D’Epinay. 2008. “The Interface between Formal and Informal Support in Advanced Old Age: A Ten-Year Study.” International Journal of Ageing & Later Life 3 (1): 5–19.
Blomgren, Jenni, Pekka Martikainen, Tuija Martelin, and Seppo Koskinen. 2008. “Determinants of Home-Based Formal Help in Community-Dwelling Older People in Finland.” European Journal of Ageing 5 (4): 335–47. doi:10.1007/s10433-008-0094-4.
Bookwala, Jamila, Bozena Zdaniuk, Lynda Burton, Bonnie Lind, Sharon Jackson, and Richard Schulz. 2004. “Concurrent and Long-Term Predictors of Older Adults’ Use of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services: The Caregiver Health Effects Study.” Journal of Aging and Health 16 (1): 88–115. doi:10.1177/0898264303260448.
Broese Van Groenou, Marjolein, Karen Glaser, Cecilia Tomassini, and Thérèse Jacobs. 2006. “Socio-Economic Status Differences in Older People’s Use of Informal and Formal Help: A Comparison of Four European Countries.” Ageing & Society 26 (5): 745–66. doi:10.1017/S0144686X06005241.
Chappell, Neena, and Audrey Blandford. 1991. “Informal and Formal Care: Exploring the Complementarity.” Ageing and Society 11 (3): 299–317.
Colombo, Francesca, Llena-Nozal Ana, Mercier Jérôme, and Tjadens Frits. 2011. OECD Health Policy Studies Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care: Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care. OECD Publishing.
Denton, Margaret. 1997. “The Linkages between Informal and Formal Care of the Elderly.” Canadian Journal on Aging 16 (1): 30–50.
Edelman, Perry, and Susan Hughes. 1990. “The Impact of Community Care on Provision of Informal Care to Homebound Elderly Persons.” Journal of Gerontology 45 (2): S74–84.
Finzgar, Mateja, and Zan Jan Oplotnik. 2013. “Comparison of Fiscal Decentralization Systems in EU-27 according to Selected Criteria.” Lex Localis 11 (3): 651. http://search.proquest.com/openview/2be18f2b4753be137128dbdee5921728/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Geerlings, Sandra W., Anne Margriet Pot, Jos W. R. Twisk, and Dorly J. H. Deeg. 2005. “Predicting Transitions in the Use of Informal and Professional Care by Older Adults.” Ageing and Society 25 (1): 111–30. doi:10.1017/S0144686X04002740.
Gennet, Nadine, Wienke Boerma, Madelon Kroneman, Allen Hutchinson, and Richard Saltman. 2012. Home Care across Europe: Current Structure and Future Challenges. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Supports. https://www.google.si/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1CAFA_slSI667SI667&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=Gennet+et+al+2012+home+care.
Groenou, Marjolein I. Broese van, and Alice Boer. 2016. “Providing Informal Care in a Changing Society.” European Journal of Ageing, April, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0370-7.
Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. 2014. “Impacts of Decentralization on the Local Government Expenditures and Public Services in the EU Countries.” Lex Localis 12 (3): 623–42. http://search.proquest.com/openview/dbeff3757bfe876d93412d3a0a0f315c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halaskova. 2015. “Fiscal Decentralisation and Provision of Local Public Services in Selected EU Countries.” Lex Localis 13 (3): 595–613. http://search.proquest.com/openview/c9d2c3def8100d26adf85df086b80248/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., . 2010. “Oskrba Starih Med Državo in Družino: Oskrba Na Domu (Care for Older People between the State and Family: Home Care).” Teorija in Praksa 47 (4): 765–85.
———. 2012. “Kontekstualni Dejavniki Uporabe Oskrbe Na Domu v Sloveniji = Contextual Factors of Home Care Utilization in Slovenia.” Zdravstveno Varstvo 51 (2): 120–27.
———. 2014. “Individual and Contextual Determinants of Social Homecare Usage in Slovenia/ Dispozicijski In Kontekstualni Dejavniki Uporabe Socialne Oskrbe Na Domu.” Zdravstveno Varstvo 53 (4): 311–17. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0034.
———. 2015. “Care Arrangements among Social Home Care Users in Slovenia.” Studia Socjologiczne, no. 2: 75. http://search.proquest.com/openview/3cb335590268d49065c298066b904629/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., .2016. “Influence of Contextual and Organisational Factors on Combining Informal and Formal Care for Older People. Slovenian Case.” Research on Ageing and Social Policy 4 (2): 30–54. http://hipatiapress.com/hpjournals/index.php/rasp/article/view/1835.
..., . 2015. “Ovrednotenje Dostopa Do Socialne Oskrbe Na Domu Z Vidika Uporabnikov. Evaluation of the Access to Social Home Care: Users Perspective.” Teorija in Praksa 52 (1/2): 48. http://search.proquest.com/openview/7895a965f18dfa06b8e753e188ac36d0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., . 2014. “Community Care for Older People in Slovenia.” Anth Notebooks 20: 5–20. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sabina_Krasovec/publication/280741391_The_educational_opportunities_for_older_adults_in_rural_and_urban_municipalities/links/55c5012008aebc967df38508.pdf#page=5.
..., . 2014. Kakovost socialne oskrbe na domu: vrednotenje, podatki in priporočila (Quality of the Social Home Care: Evaluation, data and Recommendations). Fakulteta za družbene vede, Založba FDV.
..., . 2014. “Care for Older People Between State and Family: Care Patterns Among Social Home Care Users.” Teorija in Praksa 51 (5): 886–903. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660021197?accountid=16468.
Hoffman, István. 2012. “Some Thoughts on the System of Tasks of the Local Autonomies Related to the Organisation of Personal Social Care.” Lex Localis 10 (4): 323–40. http://search.proquest.com/openview/7e94c7ca3160896752570e124693bbc3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Jacobs, Marianne T., Marjolein I. Broese van Groenou, Alice H. de Boer, and Dorly J.H. Deeg. 2014. “Individual Determinants of Task Division in Older Adults’ Mixed Care Networks.” Health & Social Care in the Community 22 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1111/hsc.12061.
Katz, Sidney, Amasa B. Ford, Roland W. Moskowitz, Beverly A. Jackson, and Marjorie W. Jaffe. 1963. “Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL: A Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function.” Jama 185 (12): 914–919. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=666768.
.... 2012. “Older People and Their Strategies for Coping with Health Risks.” Slovenian Journal of Public Health 51 (3): 163–172. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/sjph.2012.51.issue-3/v10152-012-0019-7/v10152-012-0019-7.xml.
Koo, Chan Dong, Heung Ju Kim, and Pan Suk Kim. 2014. “Analysis on the Unequal Welfare Service Distribution among Local Governments in Korea.” Lex Localis 12 (2): 225–48. http://search.proquest.com/openview/c6f4e1f4444ac43c03e89574da7f9b94/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Lamura, Giovanni, Eva Mnich, Mike Nolan, Beata Wojszel, Barbro Krevers, Liz Mestheneos, Hanneli Döhner, and on behalf of the EUROFAMCARE Group. 2008. “Family Carers’ Experiences Using Support Services in Europe: Empirical Evidence From the EUROFAMCARE Study.” The Gerontologist 48 (6): 752–71. doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.752.
Lawton, M. Powell, and Elaine M. Brody. 1969. “Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.” The Gerontologist 9 (3 Part 1): 179–86. doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179.
Lebar, Lea, Nadja Kovač, and Mateja Nagode. 2014. “IRSSV Izvajanje Pomoci Na Domu - Analiza Stanja v Letu 2014.” http://www.irssv.si/upload2/pnd/IRSSV%20Izvajanje%20pomoci%20na%20domu%20-%20analiza%20stanja%20v%20letu2014_koncno.pdf.
Litwak, Eugene. 1985. Helping the Elderly : The Complementary Roles of Informal Networks and Formal Systems. New York: Guilford Pr.
Messeri, Peter, Merril Silverstein, and Eugene Litwak. 1993. “Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 122–37.
Nagode, Mateja, Eva Zver, Stane Marn, Anita Jacović, and Davor Dominkuš. 2014. Dolgotrajna oskrba - uporaba mednarodne definicije v Sloveniji (Long-term Care - the Use of the International Definition in Slovenia). Ljubljana: Urad RS za makroekonomske analize in razvoj. http://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/dz/2014/DZ_02_14p.pdf.
Noelker, Linda S., and David M. Bass. 1989. “Home Care for Elderly Persons: Linkages Between Formal and Informal Caregivers.” Journal of Gerontology 44 (2): S63–70. doi:10.1093/geronj/44.2.S63.
Pevcin, Primož, and Iztok Rakar. 2015. “Local Public Services in Slovenia – Legal, Organisational, Economic and Financial Aspects.” Hrvatska I Komparativna Javna Uprava 15 (3): 697–714. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=220208.
Rakar, Iztok, Bojan Tičar, and Maja Klun. 2015. “Inter-Municipal Cooperation: Challenges in Europe and in Slovenia.” Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 11 (45): 185–200. http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/view/445.
Smolej, Simona, Polonca Jakob, Mateja Nagode, and Vid Žiberna. 2008. Analiza izvajanja pomoči na domu: končno poročilo (An Analysis of Home Care: Final Report) . Ljubljana: Inštitut Republike Slovenije za socialno varstvo.
Stoller, Eleanor Palo, and Lorna L. Earl. 1983. “Help with Activities of Everyday Life: Sources of Support for the Noninstitutionalized Elderly.” The Gerontologist 23 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1093/geront/23.1.64.
Suanet, Bianca, Marjolein Broese Van Groenou, and Theo Van Tilburg. 2012. “Informal and Formal Home-Care Use among Older Adults in Europe: Can Cross-National Differences Be Explained by Societal Context and Composition?” Ageing & Society 32 (3): 491–515. doi:10.1017/S0144686X11000390.
van Exel, Job, Gjalt de Graaf, and Werner Brouwer. 2008. “Give Me a Break!: Informal Caregiver Attitudes towards Respite Care.” Health Policy 88 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.03.001.
Allen, Susan M., Frances Goldscheider, and Desirée A. Ciambrone. 1999. “Gender Roles, Marital Intimacy, and Nomination of Spouse as Primary Caregiver.” The Gerontologist 39 (2): 150–58. doi:10.1093/geront/39.2.150.
Andersen, R. M. 1995. “Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does It Matter?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36 (1): 1–10.
Andersen, R M, A McCutcheon, L A Aday, G Y Chiu, and R Bell. 1983. “Exploring Dimensions of Access to Medical Care.” Health Services Research 18 (1): 49–74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1068709/.
Andersen, Ronald, and John F Newman. 2005. “Societal and Individual Determinants of Medical Care Utilization in the United States.” The Milbank Quarterly 83 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00428.x.
Anderson, Robert, ed. 2012. Quality of Life in Europe: Impacts of the Crisis. 3rd European Quality of Life Survey, Eurofound Quality of Life Survey[...]. Luxembourg: Publications Off. of the Europ. Union.
Armi, Franca, Edith Guilley, and Christian J. Lalive D’Epinay. 2008. “The Interface between Formal and Informal Support in Advanced Old Age: A Ten-Year Study.” International Journal of Ageing & Later Life 3 (1): 5–19.
Blomgren, Jenni, Pekka Martikainen, Tuija Martelin, and Seppo Koskinen. 2008. “Determinants of Home-Based Formal Help in Community-Dwelling Older People in Finland.” European Journal of Ageing 5 (4): 335–47. doi:10.1007/s10433-008-0094-4.
Bookwala, Jamila, Bozena Zdaniuk, Lynda Burton, Bonnie Lind, Sharon Jackson, and Richard Schulz. 2004. “Concurrent and Long-Term Predictors of Older Adults’ Use of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services: The Caregiver Health Effects Study.” Journal of Aging and Health 16 (1): 88–115. doi:10.1177/0898264303260448.
Broese Van Groenou, Marjolein, Karen Glaser, Cecilia Tomassini, and Thérèse Jacobs. 2006. “Socio-Economic Status Differences in Older People’s Use of Informal and Formal Help: A Comparison of Four European Countries.” Ageing & Society 26 (5): 745–66. doi:10.1017/S0144686X06005241.
Chappell, Neena, and Audrey Blandford. 1991. “Informal and Formal Care: Exploring the Complementarity.” Ageing and Society 11 (3): 299–317.
Colombo, Francesca, Llena-Nozal Ana, Mercier Jérôme, and Tjadens Frits. 2011. OECD Health Policy Studies Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care: Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care. OECD Publishing.
Denton, Margaret. 1997. “The Linkages between Informal and Formal Care of the Elderly.” Canadian Journal on Aging 16 (1): 30–50.
Edelman, Perry, and Susan Hughes. 1990. “The Impact of Community Care on Provision of Informal Care to Homebound Elderly Persons.” Journal of Gerontology 45 (2): S74–84.
Finzgar, Mateja, and Zan Jan Oplotnik. 2013. “Comparison of Fiscal Decentralization Systems in EU-27 according to Selected Criteria.” Lex Localis 11 (3): 651. http://search.proquest.com/openview/2be18f2b4753be137128dbdee5921728/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Geerlings, Sandra W., Anne Margriet Pot, Jos W. R. Twisk, and Dorly J. H. Deeg. 2005. “Predicting Transitions in the Use of Informal and Professional Care by Older Adults.” Ageing and Society 25 (1): 111–30. doi:10.1017/S0144686X04002740.
Gennet, Nadine, Wienke Boerma, Madelon Kroneman, Allen Hutchinson, and Richard Saltman. 2012. Home Care across Europe: Current Structure and Future Challenges. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Supports. https://www.google.si/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1CAFA_slSI667SI667&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=Gennet+et+al+2012+home+care.
Groenou, Marjolein I. Broese van, and Alice Boer. 2016. “Providing Informal Care in a Changing Society.” European Journal of Ageing, April, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0370-7.
Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. 2014. “Impacts of Decentralization on the Local Government Expenditures and Public Services in the EU Countries.” Lex Localis 12 (3): 623–42. http://search.proquest.com/openview/dbeff3757bfe876d93412d3a0a0f315c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halaskova. 2015. “Fiscal Decentralisation and Provision of Local Public Services in Selected EU Countries.” Lex Localis 13 (3): 595–613. http://search.proquest.com/openview/c9d2c3def8100d26adf85df086b80248/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., . 2010. “Oskrba Starih Med Državo in Družino: Oskrba Na Domu (Care for Older People between the State and Family: Home Care).” Teorija in Praksa 47 (4): 765–85.
———. 2012. “Kontekstualni Dejavniki Uporabe Oskrbe Na Domu v Sloveniji = Contextual Factors of Home Care Utilization in Slovenia.” Zdravstveno Varstvo 51 (2): 120–27.
———. 2014. “Individual and Contextual Determinants of Social Homecare Usage in Slovenia/ Dispozicijski In Kontekstualni Dejavniki Uporabe Socialne Oskrbe Na Domu.” Zdravstveno Varstvo 53 (4): 311–17. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0034.
———. 2015. “Care Arrangements among Social Home Care Users in Slovenia.” Studia Socjologiczne, no. 2: 75. http://search.proquest.com/openview/3cb335590268d49065c298066b904629/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., .2016. “Influence of Contextual and Organisational Factors on Combining Informal and Formal Care for Older People. Slovenian Case.” Research on Ageing and Social Policy 4 (2): 30–54. http://hipatiapress.com/hpjournals/index.php/rasp/article/view/1835.
..., . 2015. “Ovrednotenje Dostopa Do Socialne Oskrbe Na Domu Z Vidika Uporabnikov. Evaluation of the Access to Social Home Care: Users Perspective.” Teorija in Praksa 52 (1/2): 48. http://search.proquest.com/openview/7895a965f18dfa06b8e753e188ac36d0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
..., . 2014. “Community Care for Older People in Slovenia.” Anth Notebooks 20: 5–20. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sabina_Krasovec/publication/280741391_The_educational_opportunities_for_older_adults_in_rural_and_urban_municipalities/links/55c5012008aebc967df38508.pdf#page=5.
..., . 2014. Kakovost socialne oskrbe na domu: vrednotenje, podatki in priporočila (Quality of the Social Home Care: Evaluation, data and Recommendations). Fakulteta za družbene vede, Založba FDV.
..., . 2014. “Care for Older People Between State and Family: Care Patterns Among Social Home Care Users.” Teorija in Praksa 51 (5): 886–903. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660021197?accountid=16468.
Hoffman, István. 2012. “Some Thoughts on the System of Tasks of the Local Autonomies Related to the Organisation of Personal Social Care.” Lex Localis 10 (4): 323–40. http://search.proquest.com/openview/7e94c7ca3160896752570e124693bbc3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Jacobs, Marianne T., Marjolein I. Broese van Groenou, Alice H. de Boer, and Dorly J.H. Deeg. 2014. “Individual Determinants of Task Division in Older Adults’ Mixed Care Networks.” Health & Social Care in the Community 22 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1111/hsc.12061.
Katz, Sidney, Amasa B. Ford, Roland W. Moskowitz, Beverly A. Jackson, and Marjorie W. Jaffe. 1963. “Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL: A Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function.” Jama 185 (12): 914–919. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=666768.
.... 2012. “Older People and Their Strategies for Coping with Health Risks.” Slovenian Journal of Public Health 51 (3): 163–172. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/sjph.2012.51.issue-3/v10152-012-0019-7/v10152-012-0019-7.xml.
Koo, Chan Dong, Heung Ju Kim, and Pan Suk Kim. 2014. “Analysis on the Unequal Welfare Service Distribution among Local Governments in Korea.” Lex Localis 12 (2): 225–48. http://search.proquest.com/openview/c6f4e1f4444ac43c03e89574da7f9b94/1?pq-origsite=gscholar.
Lamura, Giovanni, Eva Mnich, Mike Nolan, Beata Wojszel, Barbro Krevers, Liz Mestheneos, Hanneli Döhner, and on behalf of the EUROFAMCARE Group. 2008. “Family Carers’ Experiences Using Support Services in Europe: Empirical Evidence From the EUROFAMCARE Study.” The Gerontologist 48 (6): 752–71. doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.752.
Lawton, M. Powell, and Elaine M. Brody. 1969. “Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.” The Gerontologist 9 (3 Part 1): 179–86. doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179.
Lebar, Lea, Nadja Kovač, and Mateja Nagode. 2014. “IRSSV Izvajanje Pomoci Na Domu - Analiza Stanja v Letu 2014.” http://www.irssv.si/upload2/pnd/IRSSV%20Izvajanje%20pomoci%20na%20domu%20-%20analiza%20stanja%20v%20letu2014_koncno.pdf.
Litwak, Eugene. 1985. Helping the Elderly : The Complementary Roles of Informal Networks and Formal Systems. New York: Guilford Pr.
Messeri, Peter, Merril Silverstein, and Eugene Litwak. 1993. “Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 122–37.
Nagode, Mateja, Eva Zver, Stane Marn, Anita Jacović, and Davor Dominkuš. 2014. Dolgotrajna oskrba - uporaba mednarodne definicije v Sloveniji (Long-term Care - the Use of the International Definition in Slovenia). Ljubljana: Urad RS za makroekonomske analize in razvoj. http://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/dz/2014/DZ_02_14p.pdf.
Noelker, Linda S., and David M. Bass. 1989. “Home Care for Elderly Persons: Linkages Between Formal and Informal Caregivers.” Journal of Gerontology 44 (2): S63–70. doi:10.1093/geronj/44.2.S63.
Pevcin, Primož, and Iztok Rakar. 2015. “Local Public Services in Slovenia – Legal, Organisational, Economic and Financial Aspects.” Hrvatska I Komparativna Javna Uprava 15 (3): 697–714. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=220208.
Rakar, Iztok, Bojan Tičar, and Maja Klun. 2015. “Inter-Municipal Cooperation: Challenges in Europe and in Slovenia.” Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 11 (45): 185–200. http://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/view/445.
Smolej, Simona, Polonca Jakob, Mateja Nagode, and Vid Žiberna. 2008. Analiza izvajanja pomoči na domu: končno poročilo (An Analysis of Home Care: Final Report) . Ljubljana: Inštitut Republike Slovenije za socialno varstvo.
Stoller, Eleanor Palo, and Lorna L. Earl. 1983. “Help with Activities of Everyday Life: Sources of Support for the Noninstitutionalized Elderly.” The Gerontologist 23 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1093/geront/23.1.64.
Suanet, Bianca, Marjolein Broese Van Groenou, and Theo Van Tilburg. 2012. “Informal and Formal Home-Care Use among Older Adults in Europe: Can Cross-National Differences Be Explained by Societal Context and Composition?” Ageing & Society 32 (3): 491–515. doi:10.1017/S0144686X11000390.
van Exel, Job, Gjalt de Graaf, and Werner Brouwer. 2008. “Give Me a Break!: Informal Caregiver Attitudes towards Respite Care.” Health Policy 88 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.03.001.
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SELF-DEFENCE AS A CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY. (2026). Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 248-250. https://doi.org/10.52152/ew1k4b20
