Vodenje lokalnosti: dilema vodenja islandske lokalne vlade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/14.4.807-826(2016)Ključne besede:
župan, izvršilni župani, vodstvo lokalne vlade, lokalna vlada, IslandijaPovzetek
Na Islandiji se pojavlja vse večji dvom do županov z izvršilno oblastjo (Kristinsson 2014). Istočasno je opaziti tudi izrazito zahtevo po odzivnem, v skupnost usmerjenem lokalnem vodji z močnim neposrednim dostopom do centralne ravni države. Na Islandiji se župane večinoma izbira na dva načina: župan je izbran po vsedržavnem internem natečaju za prosto delovno mesto (župani vodje) ter prek političnega imenovanja znotraj občinskega sveta (politični župani). Ta članek preučuje dilemo, v kateri so se lokalni vodje in lokalno vodstvo znašli zaradi teh različnih pričakovanj svojih vlog, ter kako lahko demokratična obnova prispeva k ustvarjanju ter reševanju te dileme. Kot prvo, članek obravnava temelj vse večje kritike izvršilnih županov in kakšni ukrepi so bili izvedeni v odgovor temu. Kot drugo, članek preiskuje temelj lokalnega vodstva in preučuje kaj po njihovem mnenju državljani, centralna vlada ali lokalne agencije pričakujejo ali celo zahtevajo od lokalnih vodij v kontekstu demokratske obnove. Ugotovitve nakazujejo, da strokovno vodstvo igra pomembno vlogo v demokratski obnovi na lokalni ravni. Vendar pa državljani, centralna vlada in do neke mere tudi mediji od županov vodij pričakujejo, da se bodo vedli na podoben način kot politični župani. To ustvarja dilemo, saj se od njih pričakuje, da bodo hkrati nevtralni strokovnjaki in v skupnost usmerjeni »politični« vodje. In slednjič, zaradi močnega poudarka na vlogi skupnosti in neposrednega dostopa lokalnih politikov do centralne vlade je islandski županski sistem bolj kompatibilen z bolj južnimi tipologijami kot s severno tipologijo, kateri je običajno pripisan?Literatura
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Kübler, D. & Pascal, M. (2006) Mayors in Vertical Power Relations, In: Bäck, H., Heinelt, H. & Magnier, A. (eds.) The European Mayor: Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 221–244.
Kuckartz, U. (2014) Qualitative Text Analysis: A Guide to Methods, Practice and Using Software (London: Sage Publications).
Larsen, H. O. (2005) Transforming Political Leadership: Models, Trends and Reforms, In: Rikke, B. & Nirmala, R. (ed.) Transforming Local Political Leadership (London: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 195–211.
Leach, S. & Lowndes, V. (2007) Of Roles and Rules: Analysing the Changing Relationship between Political Leaders and Chief Executives in Local Government, Public Policy and Administration, 22(2), pp. 183–200, doi:10.1177/0952076707075892.
Leach, S. & Wilson, D. (2000) Local Political Leadership (London: Policy Press).
Lidström, A. (2003) Kommunsystem i Europa (Malmö: Liber).
Littig, B. (2009) Interviewing the Elite-Interviewing experts: Is There a Difference?, In: Bogner, A., Littig, B. & Menz, W. (eds.) Interviewing Experts (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 98–116.
Mayring, P. (2000) Qualitative Content Analysis, Forum: Qualitativer Sozialforschung 1 (2), available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net (July 20, 2016).
Meier, K. J. & Hill; G. C. (2005) Bureaucracy in the Twenty-First Century, In: Ferlie, E., Lynn, L. L. Jr. & Pollitt, C. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Public Management, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 51–71.
Mouritzen, P. E. & Svara, J. H. (2002) Leadership at the Apex: Politicians and Administrators in Western Local Governments (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press).
Odendahl, T. & Shaw, E. M. (2002) Interviewing Elites, In: Gubrium, J. F. & Holstein, J. A. (eds.) Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Methodology (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications), pp. 299–316.
Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1993) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Plume).
Page, E. C. & Goldsmith, M. (1987) Central and Local Government Relations: A Comparative Analysis of West European Unitary States (London: Sage Publications).
Rose, L. E. & Ståhlberg, K. (2005) The Nordic Countries: ‘Still the Promissed Land’?, In: Denters, B. & Rose, L. E. (eds.) Comparing Local Governance. Trends and Developments (London: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 83–99.
Schreier, M. (2012) Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice (London: Sage Publications).
Schreier, M. (2014) Varianten Qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten, Forum: Qualitativer Sozialforschung 15 (1), available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net (July 20, 2016).
Shefter, M. (1977) Party and patronage: Germany, Italy and England, Politics and Society, 7, pp. 403-451.
Steyvers, K., Reynaert, H., Delwit, P. & Pilet, J. B. (2009) Comparing Local Political Leadership in Transformation, In: Steyvers, K., Reynaert, H., Delwit, P. & Pilet, J.B. (eds.) Local Political Leadership in Europe: Town Chief, Cty Boss or Loco President (Brugge: Vanden Broele), pp. 9–28.</span></p>
Bäck, H., Magnier, A. & Heinelt, H. (2006) Introduction, In: Bäck, H., Magnier, A. & Heinelt, H. (eds.) The European Mayor: Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 7-20.
Berg, R. (2006) Political Complexity or Managerial Simplicity? Mayoral Norms of Organisational Leadership, In: Bäck, H., Heinelt, H. & Magnier, A. (eds.) The European Mayor: Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 311–334.
Bergström, T., Gianoli, A. & Rao, N. (2012) Strong Leadership and Local Democracy: Rivals or Potential Allies?, In: Schaap, L. & Daemen, H. (eds.) Renewal in European Local Democracies: Puzzles, Dilemmas and Options (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 119–143.
Bogner, A., Littig, B. & Menz, W. (2009) Interviewing Experts (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
Borraz, O. & John, P. (2004) The Transformation of Urban Political Leadership in Western Europe, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, pp. 107–120.
Copus, C. (2011) Elected Mayors in English Local Government: Mayoral Leadership and Creating a new Political Dynamic, Lex Localis-Journal of Local Self-Government, 9(4), 335–351, doi:10.4335/9.4.335-351(2011).
Demir, T. (2009) Politics and Administration: Three Schools, Three Approaches, and Three Suggestions, Administrative Theory & Praxis, 31(4), pp. 503–532.
Demir, T. & Nyhan, R. C. (2008) The Politics-Administration Dichotomy: An Empirical Search for Correspondence between Theory and Practice, Public Administration Review, 68, pp. 81–96, doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00839.x.
Demir, T. & Reddick; C. G. (2012) Understanding Shared Roles in Policy and Administration: An Empirical Study of Council-Manager Relations, Public Administration Review, 72(4), pp. 526–536.
Ejersbo, N. & Svara, J. H. (2012) Bureaucracy and Democracy in Local Government, In: Mossberger, K., Clarke, S. E. & John, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Urban politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 152–178.
Eythórsson, G. T. (2012) Reinforcing the municipal level in Iceland: Ideas, policies and implementations, Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 8(2), pp. 431–450, doi: 10.13177/irpa.a.2012.8.2.12.
Eythórsson, G. T. (2014) Sameining sveitarfélaga á Íslandi í 70 ár. Röksemdir sameiningarsinna og andstæðinga, Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 10(1), pp. 143–68.
Fenwick, J., Elcock, H. & McMillan, J. (2006) Leadership and Management in UK Local Government: A Role for Elected Mayors?, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 72(3), pp. 431–447.
Fox, C. J. (1992) What do We Mean When We Say ‘Professionalism?’ A Language Usage Analysis for Public Administration, Rationality and Society, 22(1), pp. 1–17.
Gläser, J. & Laudel, G. (2010) Experteninterviews und Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. 4th ed. (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften).
Goldsmith, M. & Larsen, H. O. (2004) Local Political Leadership: Nordic Style, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(1), pp. 121–133.
Guérin, É. & Kerrouche, E. (2008) From Amateurs to Professionals: The Changing Face of Local Elected Representatives in Europe, Local Government Studies, 34(2), pp. 179–201.
Heinelt, H. & Hlepas, N. K. (2006) Typologies of Local Government Systems, In: Bäck, H., Heinelt, H. & Magnier, A. (eds.) The European Mayor: Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 21–42.
Hesse, J. J. & Sharpe, L. J. (1991) Local Government in International Perspective: Some Comparative Observations, In: Hesse, J. J. (ed.) Local Government and Urban Affairs in International Perspective: Analysis of Twenty Western Industrialised Countries, (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft), pp. 603–621.
Hlynsdóttir, E. M. (2012) Nýskipan í ríkisrekstri: Þjónustusamningar hins opinbera og réttarstaða notenda þjónustu, Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 8(1), 133–152.
Hlynsdóttir, E. M. (2015) Ordførermakt eller rådmannsmakt: Lokalpolitisk lederskap på Island, In: Aarsæther, N. & Mikalsen, N. H. (eds.) Lokalpolitisk lederskap i Norden (Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk), pp. 69–87.
Hood, C. (1991) A public Management for All Seasons?, Public Administration, 69(1), pp. 3–19.
Kane, J. (2007) The Problem of Politics: Public Governance and Leadership, In: Koch, R. & Dixon, J. (eds.) Public Governance and Leadership: Political and Managerial Problems in Making Public Governance Changes the Driver of ReConstituting Leadership (Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitets-Verlag), pp. 131–149.
Kristinsson, G. H. (2001) Staðbundin stjórnmál: Markmið og árangur sveitarfélaga (Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan).
Kristinsson, G. H. (2014) Hin mörgu andlit lýðræðis: Þátttaka og vald á sveitarstjórnarstiginu (Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan).
Kristinsson, G. H. (2015) Political Control and Perceptions of Corruption in Icelandic Local Government, Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 11(1), pp. 1–18.
Kristmundsson, O. H. (2003) Reinventing Government in Iceland: A Case Study of Public Management Reform (Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan).
Kübler, D. & Pascal, M. (2006) Mayors in Vertical Power Relations, In: Bäck, H., Heinelt, H. & Magnier, A. (eds.) The European Mayor: Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 221–244.
Kuckartz, U. (2014) Qualitative Text Analysis: A Guide to Methods, Practice and Using Software (London: Sage Publications).
Larsen, H. O. (2005) Transforming Political Leadership: Models, Trends and Reforms, In: Rikke, B. & Nirmala, R. (ed.) Transforming Local Political Leadership (London: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 195–211.
Leach, S. & Lowndes, V. (2007) Of Roles and Rules: Analysing the Changing Relationship between Political Leaders and Chief Executives in Local Government, Public Policy and Administration, 22(2), pp. 183–200, doi:10.1177/0952076707075892.
Leach, S. & Wilson, D. (2000) Local Political Leadership (London: Policy Press).
Lidström, A. (2003) Kommunsystem i Europa (Malmö: Liber).
Littig, B. (2009) Interviewing the Elite-Interviewing experts: Is There a Difference?, In: Bogner, A., Littig, B. & Menz, W. (eds.) Interviewing Experts (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 98–116.
Mayring, P. (2000) Qualitative Content Analysis, Forum: Qualitativer Sozialforschung 1 (2), available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net (July 20, 2016).
Meier, K. J. & Hill; G. C. (2005) Bureaucracy in the Twenty-First Century, In: Ferlie, E., Lynn, L. L. Jr. & Pollitt, C. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Public Management, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 51–71.
Mouritzen, P. E. & Svara, J. H. (2002) Leadership at the Apex: Politicians and Administrators in Western Local Governments (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press).
Odendahl, T. & Shaw, E. M. (2002) Interviewing Elites, In: Gubrium, J. F. & Holstein, J. A. (eds.) Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Methodology (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications), pp. 299–316.
Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1993) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Plume).
Page, E. C. & Goldsmith, M. (1987) Central and Local Government Relations: A Comparative Analysis of West European Unitary States (London: Sage Publications).
Rose, L. E. & Ståhlberg, K. (2005) The Nordic Countries: ‘Still the Promissed Land’?, In: Denters, B. & Rose, L. E. (eds.) Comparing Local Governance. Trends and Developments (London: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 83–99.
Schreier, M. (2012) Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice (London: Sage Publications).
Schreier, M. (2014) Varianten Qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten, Forum: Qualitativer Sozialforschung 15 (1), available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net (July 20, 2016).
Shefter, M. (1977) Party and patronage: Germany, Italy and England, Politics and Society, 7, pp. 403-451.
Steyvers, K., Reynaert, H., Delwit, P. & Pilet, J. B. (2009) Comparing Local Political Leadership in Transformation, In: Steyvers, K., Reynaert, H., Delwit, P. & Pilet, J.B. (eds.) Local Political Leadership in Europe: Town Chief, Cty Boss or Loco President (Brugge: Vanden Broele), pp. 9–28.</span></p>
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