Investigation and Inquiry Procedures for Detecting the Crime of Unlawful Speculation and the Prescribed Penalties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52152/b9dfh813Keywords:
Investigation, Crimes, Inquiry, Speculation, Unlawful, PenaltiesAbstract
The crime of unlawful speculation is considered one of the most serious offenses affecting national economies, security, and stability. It also constitutes a dangerous negative practice that directly impacts citizens’ purchasing power. In recent years, this phenomenon has spread alarmingly, particularly following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting the Algerian legislator to intervene by enacting a special law, namely Law No. 21-15 of 28 December 2021 on combating unlawful speculation. This law primarily aims to confront and limit the spread of such practices. It also establishes the main procedures to be followed in the investigation and detection of unlawful speculation offenses, as well as the penalties prescribed for them.
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Baun, M., D. Marek. 2008. EU Cohesion Policy and Sub-National Authorities in the New Member States. Contemporary European Studies 2: 5-20.
Berkman, M., Eisenstein, J. 1999. State legislators as congressional candidates: the effects of prior experience on legislative recruitment and fundraising. Political Research Quarterly, 52(3), 481-498.
Bernard, J. 2012. Individuální charakteristiky kandidátů ve volbách do zastupitelstev obcí a jejich vliv na volební výsledky (The Personal Characteristics of Candidates in Municipal Elections and Their Effect on Election Results). Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review. 48(4): 613-640.
Bernard, J. 2014. Krajská zastupitelstva a jejich pozice v kariérních drahách českých politiků. (Regional assemblies and their position in the career paths of Czech politicians) In. D. Ryšavý (ed.) Na/O kraji: Kraje a jejich představitelé 2000 – 2013. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (in print).
Berry, Ch. R., W. G. Howell. 2007. „Accountability and Local Elections: Rethinking Retrospective Voting.“ The Journal of Politics 69 (3): 844–858.
Berry, D. W., M. B. Berkman, S. Schneiderman. 2000. „Legislative Professionalism and Incumbent Reelection: The Development of InstitutionalBoundaries.“ The American Political Science Review 94(4): 859-874.
Borchert, J. 2011. Individual Ambition and Institutional Opportunity: A Conceptual Approach to Political Careers in Multi-level Systems, Regional and Federal Studies, 21(2), pp. 117-140.
Boyne, George A., James Oliver, Peter John, Nicolai Petrovsky. 2009. „Democracy and Government Performance Holding Incumbents Accountable in English Local Governments.“ The Journal of Politics 71 (4): 1273–1284.
Carey, John M., Richard G. Niemi, and Lynda W. Powell. 2000. "Incumbency and the Probability of Reelection in State Legislative Elections." Journal of Politics 62 (August): 671-700.
Čermák, D. 2005. „Politické dráhy regionálních elit (Political careers of Regional Elites)“Pp. 29-38 in T. Kostelecký, J. Vobecká (eds.) Regionální elity 2004. SOU AVCR: Praha.
Dodeigne, Jérémy. 2014. "(Re-)Assessing Career Patterns in Multi-Level Systems: Insights from Wallonia in Belgium." Regional & Federal Studies 24 (2):151-171.
Edinger, M. 2003. Representative elites in post-communist settings. SFB 580 Mitteilungen.
Field, B. N., & Siavelis, P. M. (2008). Candidate Selection Procedures in Transitional Polities A Research Note. Party Politics, 14(5), 620-639.
Gallagher, M. 1988 “Conclusion” in M. Gallagher and M. Marsh (eds.) Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective – The Secret Garden of Politics. SAGE Publications, London.
Gallagher, M. 2000. The (relatively) victorious incumbent under PR-STV: legislative turnover in Ireland and Malta. In. Bowler, S., & Grofman, B. (Eds.). Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an embedded institution. University of Michigan Press: 81-113.
Gherghina, S., Chiru, M. 2010. Practice and payment: Determinants of candidate list position in European Parliament elections. European Union Politics, 11(4), 533-552.
Hanley, James A. , Negassa, Abdissa Edwardes, Michael D. deB., Forrester, Janet E. 2003. Statistical Analysis of Correlated Data Using Generalized Estimating Equations: An Orientation. American Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 157, No. 4: 364–375.
Holbrook, Thomas M., and Charles M. Tidmarch. 1991. "Sophomore Surge in State Legislative Elections, 1968-86." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (February): 49-63.
Illner, Michal. 2003. „The Czech Republic 1990–2001. Succesful reform at the municipal level and a difficult birth of the intermediary government.“ Pp. 61–90 in Harald Baldersheim, Michal Illner, Hellmut Wollmann (eds.). Local Democracy in Post-Communist Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
Kjaer, U. 2006. „The Mayor's Policial Career“. In: Bäck, H., Heinelt, H., Magnier, A. eds. The European Mayor. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 75-98.
Langston, J., J. Aparicio. 2009. "The Past as Future. Prior Political Experience and Career Choices in Mexico, 1997-2006", CIDE, DTEP, 209.
Lascher, E. L. (2005). Constituency size and incumbent safety: A reexamination. Political Research Quarterly, 58(2), 269-278.
Liang, Che-Yuan 2013. „Is there an incumbency Advantage or cost of ruling in proportional election systems?“ Public Choice 154(3-4): 259-284 .
Matland, R. E., Studlar, D. T. 2004. Determinants of legislative turnover: a cross-national analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 34(01), 87-108.
Norris, P. (ed.) 1997.Passages to Power. Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P., J. Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Outlý, J., J. Prouza et al. 2014. Navrhování a výběr kandidátů: Politické strany v ČR a ve střední Evropě (Candidate Selection and Recruitment: Political Parties in the Czech Republic and in Central Europe). Praha: Civipolis.
Patzelt, W. J. 1999. Recruitment and retention in Western European parliaments. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 239-279.
Ryšavý 2007: Regionální politické elity – zrod, charakter a důsledky (Regional Political Elites – Their Origin, Characteristics and Impact). Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 43(5): 993–1016.
Ryšavý, D. 2013. „Czech Counties after a Dozen Years of Regionalization: Continuity and Novelties after County Elections 2012.“ Regional and Federal Studies, 23(5), 631 642.
Ryšavý, D. (accepted). Career politicians a dozen years after regionalization of the Czech Republic (2000-2012). Journal of Legislative Studies.
Scherpereel, J. A. 2010. EU Cohesion Policy and the Europeanization of Central and East European Regions. Regional and Federal Studies, 20 (1): 45-62.
Shabad, G., Slomczynski, K. M. 2002. The Emergence of Career Politicians in Post‐Communist Democracies: Poland and the Czech Republic. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 27(3), 333-359.
Stolz, K. (2003) Moving up, moving down: Political careers across territorial levels, European Journal of Political Research, 42, pp. 223–248.
Stolz, Klaus. 2010. Towards a Regional Political Class? Professional Politicians and Regional Institutions in Catalonia and Scotland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Stone, Walter J., Sarah A. Fulton, Cherie D. Maestas, L. Sandy Maisel. 2010. „Incumbency Reconsidered: Prospects, Strategic Retirement, and Incumbent Quality in U.S. House Elections.“ The Journal of Politics 72 (1): 178–190.
Trounstine, Jessica. 2009. „Information, Turnout, and Incumbency in Local Elections.“ Princeton, NJ: Manuscript, Princeton University.
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Investigation and Inquiry Procedures for Detecting the Crime of Unlawful Speculation and the Prescribed Penalties. (2026). Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 523-533. https://doi.org/10.52152/b9dfh813
