WITHANIA SOMNIFERA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ITS PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY AND HEALTH PROMOTING BENEFITS

Abstract

Traditionally, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a Rasayana condiment. This factory's historical uses demonstrate its protective qualities against a variety of fatal conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, stress, and asthma. This publication provides a thorough summary of W. somnifera's geographic range, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics, as well as its active ingredients. Additionally, a comprehensive explanation of its role as an active ingredient in a number of commercially available medications with therapeutic and health benefits is given. Its constituents and extracts have been the subject of several clinical studies and toxicological analyses.

A comparative analysis of pertinent in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical tests revealed that W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals exhibited strong bioactivity as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-defensive, and spermatogenic agents. Research has also been done on the probable mechanism of action that produces the pharmacological result. However, whether W. somnifera can be utilized clinically to cure deadly conditions requires more research. It’s safe and efficient use as a health-promoting condiment and in preclinical and clinical research also requires a thorough toxicological evaluation.

Strong adaptogenic, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects are demonstrated pharmacologically by W. somnifera.  Its capacity to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, lower blood cortisol levels, improve cognitive function, enhance sleep quality, and increase physical strength and endurance has been shown in several experimental and clinical trials.  Additionally, because of its function in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, research points to positive benefits in metabolic illnesses such diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidaemia.  Its importance in fostering overall health and vigor is further highlighted by the immunomodulatory and anti-aging properties of its active ingredients.

Variations in extract standardization, dose, and study design require more thorough and well-controlled clinical trials to confirm efficacy and assure long-term safety, even though preclinical research offers strong mechanistic support and some clinical studies indicate encouraging findings.  All things considered, Withania somnifera is a pharmacologically diverse and clinically significant medicinal plant with substantial potential for integration into contemporary therapeutic and preventative health practices.