Lisp from a Philosophical Perspective according to Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (185-256 AH / 805-873 AD)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52152/8zbcr978Keywords:
Al-Kindi, Lisping (al-Luthghah), Speech Apparatus, Causes of Letters, Aspects of LispingAbstract
Al-Kindi's treatise on lisping (al-Luthghah), authored in the third century AH, is considered a pioneering work in modern phonetic studies. The author adopted a scientific methodology, investigating causes before judging phonetic phenomena. He addressed speech disorders faced by some Arabic speakers suffering from muscular or neurological issues affecting the articulation points (makharij) of certain letters. These individuals are forced to substitute the articulation of one letter with another that is close in point of articulation or phonetic attribute. Al-Kindi structured his treatise into aspects of lisping represented by: the powers of the speaking soul, the weakness of the speaking soul, and the increase or decrease of the speech apparatus. He then dedicated a section to the letters affected by lisping, such as seen, sheen, and raa. He concluded by discussing various nomenclatures of lisping, such as tamtamah (stammering), fa'fa'ah (stuttering), al-madhmum, dhu al-'aql, dhu al-habs, al-akhann (nasalization), and al-alkan (foreign accent). Al-Kindi's description is characterized by conciseness and the unique use of specific terminology. He delved into explanations as a philosopher and emerged as an expert anatomist and physio-acoustic scientist. By revisiting traditional and modern phonetic studies, this paper asks: Can Al-Kindi's treatise be considered an integrated scientific reference in uncovering the causes of lisping and speech disorders, or is it merely a collection of limited descriptive observations?
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Hür, A. (2008, 28th June) İstanbul’un Kıdemli Sakinleri: Sokak Köpekleri, Birgün Gazetesi.
Irvin, L. (2012) My Dog Always Eats First: Homeless People and Their Animals. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
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Özgüner, B. (2015, 17th Jan.) Kısırkaya "Hayvan Hapishanesi", BiaMag Cumartesi. Available at: http://bianet.org/biamag/hayvan-haklari/161598-kisirkaya-hayvan-hapishanesi, reached on 26th Sept. 2015.
Park, R. (1967) On Social Control and Collective Behavior, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Picq, P., Digard, J. P., Cyrulnik, B. & Matignon, K. L. (2000) La Plus Belle Histoire des Animaux, Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Pinguet, C. (2008) Les Chiens d'Istanbul. Saint-Pourçainsur-Sioule: Bleu Autour.
Piper, R. (2009) Extinct Animals: An Encyclopedia of Species That Have Disappeared during Human History, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
PRB (Population Reference Bureau) (2015) Human Population: Urbanization. Available at: http://www.prb.org/Publications/Lesson-Plans/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx, reached on 9th. Sep. 2015.
Remlinger, P. (1932, 1st July) Les chiens de Constantinople, leur vie, leur mort. Mercure de France, N. 817 / 43e -237, pp. 24-70. Available at: http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k202139p, reached on 15th. Sept. 2015.
Rubeyi, F. & Graham R. (2015) Dogs of the Dream Forest: A documentary on the forgotten dogs of Turkey. Available at http://www.istreetdog.com/dogs-of-the-dream-forest-a-documentary-on-the-plight-of-dogs-in-turkey-who-are-dumped-in-the-forest/, reached on 8th Dec. 2015.
Sarıkuş, E. (2010) Sesim Rüzgara: Modern Bir Sürgün Hikayesi (Wind, Carry My Voice A Modern Story of Exile) – Documentary. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr2P70wwP0U, reached on 1st Sept. 2015.
Schick, I. C. (August 2010) İstanbul’da 1910’da Gerçekleşen Büyük Köpek İtlâfı: Bir Mekân Üzerinde Çekişme Vakası [The Great Dog Massacre that Took Place in İstanbul in 1910: A Case of Spatial Contestation], Toplumsal Tarih N. 200, pp 22–33.
Serpell, J. (1995) The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, Cambridge University Press.
Tellier, L. N. (2009) Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. PUQ.
Timur, T. (1994) Köpekler, in Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, vol.5. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, p. 89.
Topuzlu, C. (1982 [1951]) İstibdat, Meşrutiyet, Cumhuriyet Devirlerinde 80 Yıllık Hatıralarım. (2nd. Ed.) İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayınları.
UN-DESA (2014) World Urbanization Prospects. New York: UN.
Üzüm, İ. (2011, 9th Oct.) Animal activists call for stringent animal cruelty laws, Sunday’s Zaman. Available at: http://www.todayszaman.com/national_animal-activists-call-for-stringent-animal-cruelty-laws_259287.html, reached on 4th Oct. 2015.
Vaughan, C. (2011) Turkish animal welfare bill – is it working? Available at http://kangal.ca/dogs-in-turkey/turkish-animal-welfare-bill-is-it-working/, reached on 24th Dec. 2015.
Winter, S. (2015, 2nd Oct.) Nation of animal lovers? UK's shame as 50,000 pet dogs dumped in one year. Available at http://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/609353/The-Dogs-Trust-stray-dog-crisis-in-UK, reached on 26th Dec. 2015.
Withnall, A. (2014, 27th Oct.) Haunting images lay bare Britain’s ‘invisible’ stray dog problem. Available at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/haunting-images-lay-bare-britain-s-invisible-stray-dog-problem-9821513.html, reached on 26th Dec. 2015.
Yeryüzüne Özgürlük (2015, 4 Feb.) Kısırkaya Animal 'Shelter' in Istanbul: The Final Step for a Hidden Agenda of Eradicating Street Animals from the Streets. Available at: http://yeryuzuneozgurluk.blogspot.com.tr/2015/02/kisirkaya-animal-shelter-in-istanbul.html, reached on 15th Sept. 2015.
Yıldırım, M. (2015) Türkiye’de tecrit ve soykırımın yeni mekanları: Hayvan barınakları. Available at: http://politeknik.org.tr/turkiyede-tecrit-ve-soykirimin-yeni-mekanlari-hayvan-barinaklari-mine-yildirim-sendika-org/, reached on 15th Jan. 2016.
Zeybek, S. O. (2014) İstanbul’un yuttukları ve kustukları: Köpekler ve nesneler üzerinden İstanbul tahlili. In Yeni Istanbul Çalışmaları: Sınırlar, Mücadeleler, Açılımlar. Candan, A. B. & Özbay, C. (Eds.), İstanbul: Metis, pp. 263-282.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government
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Lisp from a Philosophical Perspective according to Ya’qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (185-256 AH / 805-873 AD). (2026). Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 302-309. https://doi.org/10.52152/8zbcr978
