CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: CHALLENGES & FUTURE TRENDS

Abstract

The rapid digitalization of commerce has revolutionized consumer markets, creating unprecedented opportunities alongside significant risks. E-commerce platforms, digital contracts, and data-driven business models have enhanced global trade accessibility, yet they simultaneously expose consumers to fraud, privacy violations, algorithmic manipulation, and opaque business practices. This paper examines the evolution of consumer protection in the digital era, focusing on challenges such as cross-border jurisdictional conflicts, digital fraud, lack of consumer awareness, and regulatory gaps. It further explores the role of stakeholders—including governments, corporations, civil society, and technology platforms—in safeguarding consumer rights. Comparative analysis of global legal frameworks highlights the European Union’s rights-based approach, the United States’ enforcement-driven model, and India’s statutory modernization, while also assessing the contributions of international organizations like OECD and UNCTAD in promoting harmonization. Emerging trends, such as AI-powered grievance redressal systems, blockchain-enabled transparency, and recognition of cybersecurity as a consumer right, demonstrate how technology can both protect and endanger consumer interests. Looking ahead, the paper argues for harmonized global laws, integration of AI governance into consumer rights, stronger cross-border enforcement, and consumer empowerment through digital literacy and technological tools. By bridging legal frameworks with technological innovation and ethical principles, the study underscores the need for adaptive, collaborative, and future-ready consumer protection systems in the digital economy.