THE PARTICIPATION-BENEFIT GAP: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIGENOUS ECOTOURISM GOVERNANCE ON GREAT STA. CRUZ ISLAND, PHILIPPINES

Abstract

This research investigates the "Participation-Benefit Gap" within the ecotourism governance of Great Sta. Cruz Island, Zamboanga City, Philippines. While current participatory models achieve "process" success through the inclusion of indigenous voices (SDG 16.7.2), they often fail to secure "outcome" equity for local communities (SDG 8.9) like the Sama-Bangingi Tribe. Using a mixed-methods approach—incorporating weighted means, regression analysis, and hybrid thematic analysis—the study evaluated the effectiveness of the Sta. Cruz People’s Organization and the Tribal Council in facilitating economic gain. Quantitative results reveal high participation in environmental (2.67) and socio-cultural (3.00) dimensions, yet a significantly lower mean score for economic benefits (2.00). Correlation analysis indicates that while participation strongly supports conservation, its relationship with economic prosperity remains statistically weak. Qualitative findings identify critical "friction points" preventing the community from capturing the tourism value chain, including infrastructure deficits in freshwater and sanitation, limited access to capital, and gaps in specialized hospitality training. These barriers confine residents to low-tier service roles, creating a "livelihood ceiling" despite active governance involvement. The study critiques the existing governance model for prioritizing "procedural sustainability" over distributive justice. To transition from consultative participation to transformative economic empowerment, the research recommends diversifying the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF) for community micro-grants, investing in modular sustainable infrastructure, and establishing entrepreneurial incubators. Ultimately, bridging the gap requires redefining sustainability metrics to prioritize community wealth indicators, ensuring indigenous custodians transition from resource protectors to primary economic beneficiaries.