OBJECTIVE IMPUTATION IN CRIMES OF CORRUPTION OF OFFICIALS AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC INEQUALITY INDICATORS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

This article examines how objective imputation—as a criterion for the normative delimitation of criminal responsibility—operates in crimes of corruption of officials and what links corruption has with indicators of economic inequality in a multidimensional perspective. A recent doctrinal review (2021–2025) is combined with empirical evidence and evidence from international organizations (2020–2025). The findings suggest: (I) objective imputation offers useful tools to distinguish the creation of legally disapproved risks, the realization of the risk and the scope of protection of the norm in bribery, embezzlement and collusion schemes; (II) the literature and comparative indices show consistent associations between high levels of corruption and worse results in equality, access to justice, and the rule of law, elements that mediate income distribution; (III) a multidimensional approach—one that triangulates monetary inequality (Gini), justice, and the rule of law—improves causal understanding and policy orientation.