DYNAMIC MODELING OF HONORARY TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE: TRAINING, MOTIVATION, AND RETENTION

Abstract

Honorary teachers constitute one of the essential components of the Indonesian education system. Their presence fills the gap in public schools where the number of civil servant teachers remains limited. Nevertheless, the status and position of honorary teachers are still widely debated, as they are not fully recognized as equivalent to civil servant teachers. According to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek, 2023), the total number of teachers in Indonesia in 2023 reached more than 2.9 million, of which approximately 1.1 million were still employed as honorary teachers. In West Java, the number of honorary teachers is significantly high, particularly in Bandung City, which serves as one of the major educational centers. This condition highlights the vital role of honorary teachers in sustaining primary and secondary education services.