Criminal Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Crimes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52152/3g18tm07Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence - Crime - Responsibility - Robot - Criminal FaulAbstract
Artificial intelligence is a substance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution,fetching undeniable positive outcomes on our lives and a plethora ofconveniences. Despite its advantages, it also has repercussions and risks, asrobots may likely commit crimes. While they serve humanity, they can alsoharm individuals. This study tends to depict the issues affiliated with artificialintelligence, focusing on criminal matters and determining the components ofcriminal responsibility. It attempts to apply general legal principles tointelligent systems, adapting them to the unique nature of these technologiesthat have become integral to our reality.
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ACIR. (1985) A Commission Report Bankruptcies, Defaults, And Other Local Government Financial Emergencies ACIR, Washington, D.C.
Advisory Commision on Intergovernmental Relations. (1985) Bankruptcies, Defaults, And Other Local Government Financial Emergencies. A Commission Report. Washington.
Act No. 128/2000 Sb., o obcích (obecní zřízení). Municipal Act for Czech Republic. Available at: http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakon.jsp?page=0&nr=128~2F2000&rpp=15#seznam, accessed April 14th, 2013.
Act No. 369/1990 Zb., o obecnom zriadení. Municipal Act for Slovakia. Available at: http://www.minv.sk/?zakon-snr-c-369-1990-zb-o-obecnom-zriadeni, accessed September 2nd, 2014.
ARIS. Czech Republic Ministry of Finance database. Available at: http://wwwinfo.mfcr.cz/aris/, accessed June 15th, 2013.
Bakoš, E., Soukopová, J. and Šelešovský, J. (2015) The Historical Roots of Local Self-Government in Czech and Slovak Republics. Lex Localis, vol. 13, No. 1.
Bolívar, M. P. R., Galera, A. N., Muñoz, L. A., and Subirés, M. D. L. (2014) Factors influencing local government financial sustainability: an empirical study. Lex Localis, vol. 12, no. 1.
Carmeli, A. (2003) Introduction: Fiscal and Financial Crises of Local Governments. Internationaal Journal of Public Administration, 26(13), 1423-1430.
Civitillo, R. (2012) Financial difficulties of Italian local authorities: a financial critical elements analysis to identify prediction and diagnosis models. Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: MDT2012-0014.
Coe, C. K. (2008) Preventing local government fiscal crises: Emerging best practices. Public Administration Review, 68(4), 759-767.
Elliehausen, G. and Lawrence, E.C. (2013) County-level bankruptcy beta and its impact on the supply of revolving credit. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, vol. 10, Issue 1.
Evans, J. H. and Patton, J. M. (1987) Signaling and Monitoring in Public-Sector Accounting. Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 25, pp. 130-158.
Fitzpatrick, P. J. (1932) A Comparison of the Ratios of Successful Industrial Enterprises with Those of Failed Companies. The Accountants Publishing Company.
Gras, E., Hernandez, J. and Palacios, M. (2014) An Explanation of Local Government Debt in Spain Based on Internal Control System. Lex Localis, vol. 12, No. 4.
Groves, S. M., Godsey, W.M. and Shulman, M.A. (1981) Financial Indicators for Local Government. Public Budgeting & Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 5-19.
Hendrick, R. (2004) Assessing and Measuring the Fiscal Health of Local Governments: Focus on Chicago Suburban Municipalities. Urban Affairs Review, 40(1), 78-114.
Honadle, B.W. and Lloyd J. M. (1998) Analyzing Rural Local Governments’ Financial Condition: An Exploratory Application of Three Tools. Public Budgeting & Finance, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 69-86.
Horváthová, L., Horváth, J., Gazda, V. and Kubák, M. (2012) Fiscal Decentralization and Public debt in the European Union. Lex Localis, vol. 10, no. 3.
Hossari, G. (2007) Modelling Corporate Collapse: Definitional Issues of the Collapse Event, Vol. 5 No. 2.
Hrůza, F. (2013) Why traditional financial analysis tools and approaches are not suitable for municipalities and should be re-designed. (The case of municipalities in Czech Republic). International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 3, No.1, IACSIT Press, ISSN: 2010-3646.
Jones, S. and Walker, R. (2007) Explanators of Local Government Distress. Abacus, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 396-418.
Justice, J.B., and Scorsone, E.A. (2013). Measuring and predicting local government fiscal stress: Theory and Practice. In Levine, H., Justice, J.B., and E.A. Scorsone. Handbook of local government fiscal health. Burlington, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett.
Kloha, P., Weissert, C., S. and Kleine, R. (2005) Developing and Testing a Composite Model to Predict Local Fiscal Distress. Public Administration Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 313-323.
Mateos-Ronco, A. and Mas, A., L. (2011) Developing a business failure prediction model for cooperatives: Results of an empirical study in Spain. African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 5(26), pp. 10565-10576. ISSN 1993-8233.
Mcconnell, M., W. and Picker, R., C. (1993) When Cities Go Broke: A Conceptual Introduction to Municipal Bankruptcy. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 425-495.
Merwin, CH. L. (1940) Financial Characteristics of American Manufacturing Corporations. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, No. 15, pp. 442.
Ministry of Finance Czech Republic. System of informative and monitoring indicators. Available at: http://www.mfcr.cz/cps/rde/xchg/mfcr/xsl/vf_monitoring_hospodareni_obci.html, accessed May 15th, 2013.
Moderní obec. Jak řešit možné úpadky obcí? Diskuse o tom teprve začíná. Available at: http://moderniobec.ihned.cz/c1-58230500-jak-resit-mozne-upadky-obci-diskuse-o-tom-teprve-zacina, accessed May 13th, 2013.
Ngwenya, S. (2010) Evaluating financial conditions of local governments in South Africa – a case of metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng. International Research Symposium in Service Management. ISSN 1694-0938.
Ritonga, I. T., Clark, C. and Wickremasinghe, G. (2012) Assessing financial condition of local government in Indonesia: an exploration. Public and Municipal Finance, Volume 1, Issue 2.
Rivenbark, W.C., Roenigk, D.J. and Allison, G.S. (2009) Communicating Financial Condition to Elected Officials in Local Government, Popular Government, Fall, pp. 4-13.
Rivenbark, W.C., Roenigk, D.J. and Allison, G.S. (2010) Conceptualizing Financial Condition in Local Government. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 22, pp. 149-177.
Skogsvik, K. and Skogsvik, S. (2013) On the choice based sample bias in probabilistic bankruptcy prediction. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, vol. 10, Issue 1.
Smith, R. F. and Winakor, A. H. (1930) A Test Analysis of Unsuccessful Industrial Companies. Bulletin No. 31, University of Illinois, Bureau of Business Research.
UFIS. Czech Republic Ministry of Finance database. Available at: http://wwwinfo.mfcr.cz/ufis/, accessed June 15th, 2013.
United States Courts (US Courts). Available at: http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/Bankruptcy/BankruptcyBasics/Chapter9.aspx, accessed June 15th, 2013.
Ústava České republiky. The Constitution of Czech Republic. Available at: http://www.psp.cz/docs/laws/constitution.html, accessed June 14th, 2013.
Wang, X., Dennis, L. and Tu, Y.S.J. (2007) Measuring Financial Condition: A Study of US States. Public Budgeting & Finance, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 1-21.
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2026-02-02
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Criminal Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Crimes. (2026). Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 23(11), 1516-1525. https://doi.org/10.52152/3g18tm07
